hoomd.hpmc.compute¶
Overview
Compute the free volume available to a test particle. |
|
Compute the scale distribution function. |
Details
Compute properties of hard particle configurations.
The HPMC compute classes analyze the system configuration and provide results
as loggable quantities for use with hoomd.logging.Logger
or by direct access
via the Python API. FreeVolume
computes the free volume available to small
particles, such as depletants, and SDF
computes the pressure in system of
convex particles with a fixed box size.
- class hoomd.hpmc.compute.FreeVolume(test_particle_type, num_samples)¶
Compute the free volume available to a test particle.
- Parameters
FreeVolume
computes the free volume in the simulation state available to a given test particle shape using Monte Carlo integration. Use it in combination withhoomd.hpmc.integrate.HPMCIntegrator
, which defines the particle shape parameters. Particles oftest_particle_type
may or may not be present in the simulation state.FreeVolume
generatesnum_samples
(\(n_\mathrm{samples}\)) trial particle configurations with positions \(\vec{r}^t_j\) uniformly distributed in the simulation box, and orientations \(\mathbf{q}^t_j\) uniformly distributed among rotations matching the box dimensionality.FreeVolume
counts the number of successful samples that do not overlap particles in the simulation state:\[n_\mathrm{success} = \sum_{j=1}^{n_\mathrm{samples}} \prod_{i=0}^{N_\mathrm{particles}-1} \prod_{\vec{A} \in B_\mathrm{images}} \left[ \mathrm{overlap}\left( S_i(\mathbf{q}_i), S_t(\mathbf{q}^t_j, \vec{r}^t_j - (\vec{r}_i + \vec{A})) \right) = \emptyset \right]\]where \(\mathrm{overlap}\) is the shape overlap function defined in
hoomd.hpmc.integrate
, \(S_i\) is the shape of particle \(i\), \(S_t\) is the shape of the test particle, \(\vec{A} = h\vec{a}_1 + k\vec{a}_2 + l\vec{a}_3\) is a vector that translates by periodic box images, the set of box images includes all image vectors necessary to find overlaps between particles in the primary image with particles in periodic images, and the square brackets denote the Iverson bracket.The free volume \(V_\mathrm{free}\) is given by:
\[V_\mathrm{free} = \frac{n_\mathrm{success}} {n_\mathrm{samples}} V_\mathrm{box}\]where \(V_\mathrm{box}\) is the volume of the simulation box (or area in 2D).
Note
FreeVolume
respects the HPMC integrator’sinteraction_matrix
.Mixed precision
FreeVolume
uses reduced precision floating point arithmetic when checking for particle overlaps in the local particle reference frame.Box images
On CPU devices,
FreeVolume
does not apply the minimum image convention. It supports small boxes where particles may overlap with non-primary images of other particles, including self overlap. On GPU devices,FreeVolume
applies the minimum image convention.Examples:
fv = hoomd.hpmc.compute.FreeVolume(test_particle_type='B', num_samples=1000)
- class hoomd.hpmc.compute.SDF(xmax, dx)¶
Compute the scale distribution function.
- Parameters
SDF
computes the proability distribution \(s(x)\) of particles overlapping as a function of separation. It estimates \(s(x)\) numerically by computing a histogram with \(\lfloor x_\mathrm{max}/ \delta x \rfloor\) bins of widthdx
(\(\delta x\)).See also
Anderson 2016 describes the theory relating
SDF
to the system pressure.Implementation
For each pair of particles \(i\) and \(j\)
SDF
scales the particle separation vector by the factor \((1-x)\) and finds the smallest positive value of \(x\) leading to either an overlap of the particle shapes (a “hard overlap”) or a discontinuous change in the pair energy \(U_{\mathrm{pair},ij}\) (a “soft overlap”):\[\begin{split}x_{ij}(\vec{A}) = \min \{ & x \in \mathbb{R}_{> 0} : \\ & \mathrm{overlap}\left( S_i(\mathbf{q}_i), S_j(\mathbf{q}_j, (1-x)(\vec{r}_j - (\vec{r}_i + \vec{A}))) \right) \ne \emptyset \\ &\lor \\ & U_{\mathrm{pair},ij}((1-x)(\vec{r}_j - (\vec{r}_i + \vec{A})), \mathbf{q}_i, \mathbf{q}_j) \ne U_{\mathrm{pair},ij}(\vec{r}_j - (\vec{r}_i + \vec{A}), \mathbf{q}_i, \mathbf{q}_j) \\ \} &\end{split}\]where \(\mathrm{overlap}\) is the shape overlap function defined in
hoomd.hpmc.integrate
, \(S_i\) is the shape of particle \(i\), and \(\vec{A} = h\vec{a}_1 + k\vec{a}_2 + l\vec{a}_3\) is a vector that translates by periodic box images.\(x_i\) is the minimum value of \(x_{ij}\) for a single particle:
\[x_i = \min \{ x_{ij} : \vec{A} \in B_\mathrm{images}, j \in [0,N_\mathrm{particles}) \}\]where the set of box images includes all image vectors necessary to find overlaps between particles in the primary image with particles in periodic images.
SDF
adds a single count to the histogram for each particle \(i\), weighted by a factor that is a function of the change in energy upon overlap:\[s(x + \delta x/2) = \frac{1}{N_\mathrm{particles} \cdot \delta x} \sum_{i=0}^{N_\mathrm{particles}-1} [x \le x_i < x + \delta x] \cdot (1 - \exp(-\beta \Delta U_{i}))\]where \(\Delta U_{i}\) is the change in energy associated with the first overlap involving particle \(i\) (\(\infty\) for hard overlaps), the square brackets denote the Iverson bracket, and \(s(x + \delta x/2)\) is evaluated for \(\{ x \in \mathbb{R}, 0 \le x < x_\mathrm{max}, x = k \cdot \delta x, k \in \mathbb{Z}^* \}\).
Pressure
The extrapolation of \(s(x)\) to \(x = 0\), \(s(0+)\) is related to the pressure \(P\):
\[\beta P = \rho \left(1 + \frac{s(0+)}{2d} \right)\]where \(d\) is the dimensionality of the system, \(\rho\) is the number density, and \(\beta = \frac{1}{kT}\). This measurement of the pressure is inherently noisy due to the nature of the sampling. Average
betaP
over many timesteps to obtain accurate results.Assuming particle diameters are ~1, these paramater values typically achieve good results:
xmax = 0.02
dx = 1e-4
In systems near densest packings,
dx=1e-5
may be needed along with smallerxmax
. Check that \(\sum_k s(x_k) \cdot dx \approx 0.5\).Warning
SDF
only considers negative volume perturbations, and therefore does not compute the correct pressure in simulations where positive volume perturbations may change the system’s potential energy, e.g., systems of concave particles or with non-monotonic enthalpic interactions.Warning
Because SDF samples pair configurations at discrete separations, the computed pressure is correct only for potentials with constant values and step discontinuities, e.g., square well potentials.
Note
SDF
always runs on the CPU.Mixed precision
SDF
uses reduced precision floating point arithmetic when checking for particle overlaps in the local particle reference frame.Box images
SDF
does not apply the minimum image convention. It supports small boxes where particles may overlap with non-primary images of other particles, including self overlap.- property betaP¶
Beta times pressure in NVT simulations \(\left[ \mathrm{length}^{-d} \right]\).
Uses a polynomial curve fit of degree 5 to estimate \(s(0+)\) and computes the pressure via:
\[\beta P = \rho \left(1 + \frac{s(0+)}{2d} \right)\]where \(d\) is the dimensionality of the system, \(\rho\) is the number density, and \(\beta = \frac{1}{kT}\).
Attention
In MPI parallel execution,
betaP
is available on rank 0 only.betaP
isNone
on ranks >= 1.(
Loggable
: category=”scalar”)- Type
- property sdf¶
\(s[k]\) - The scale distribution function \([\mathrm{probability\ density}]\).
The \(x\) at the center of bin \(k\) is: \(x = k \cdot \delta x + \delta x/2\).
Attention
In MPI parallel execution, the array is available on rank 0 only.
sdf
isNone
on ranks >= 1.(
Loggable
: category=”sequence”)- Type
(N_bins,)
numpy.ndarray
offloat
)